EffortDetect

LMA Recognition

Using position-based sensors

LMA information such as Shape (Swaminathan et al., 2009), Space (J. Rett, J. Dias, et al., 2008; J. Rett, Santos, et al., 2008; Jorg Rett & Jorge Dias, 2007a, 2007b), and Effort (Nakata, Mori, & Sato, 2002; Santos et al., 2009; L. Zhao, 2001; Liwei Zhao & Badler, 2005) have been inferred from movement data sensed by magnetic tracking and computer vision.

Using acceleration-based sensors

Movement recognition using accelerometers is a research area among some of the partners of this research proposal. LMA recognition of has been applied to touch-based interfaces in interactive art (T. Schiphorst, Lovell, & Jaffe, 2002). A prototype for recognizing developed by the Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies at the University of Illinois and the University of Illinois Dance Department, with the expertise of movement analyst Sarah Hook from the Dance Department, and in collaboration with Dr. Thecla Schiphorst.

Summary (in table form)

Type of sensor'	Example'	Commercially available products'	Fundamental movement phenomena sensed(movement primitive)'	Mid-level movement feature (inferred from movement primitives)	Higher-level semantics based on LMA (inferred from mid-level features)'
Acceleration	Gyroscopes	iPhone, IDG500 dual-axis gyroscope, Wiimote MotionPlus	Rotational accleration	Postural transitions; gait information (Yang and Hsu, 2010); linearity, planarity, periodicity (based on the work by Mary Pietrowicz at UIUC)	A prototype for recognizing LMA Effort using accelerometers is being developed by the Institute for Advanced Computing Applications and Technologies at the University of Illinois and the University of Illinois Dance Department, with the expertise of movement analyst Sarah Hook from the Dance Department, and in collaboration with Dr. Thecla Schiphorst (Subyen, Maranan, Schiphorst, Pasquier, & Bartram, 2011).
	Accelerometers	Mobile phones (other than iPhone), Analog Devices triple axis ADXL335, Wiimote	Linear acceleration
Touch	Pressure sensors	Tactex	Pressure		LMA recognition of has been applied to touch-based interfaces in interactive art (T. Schiphorst, Lovell, & Jaffe, 2002).
Position	Vision	Camera and webcams, icon, Kinect, Wiimote IR camera, IR-based motion capture systems	Position of body segments	Postural information; anything that can be inferred from acceleration sensors	Recognition of some aspects of Space, Space, and Effort categories have been reported (J. Rett, J. Dias, & Ahuactzin, 2008; J. Rett, Santos, & J. Dias, 2008; Jorg Rett & Jorge Dias, 2007a, 2007b; Santos, Prado, & J. Dias, 2009; Santos et al., 2009; Swaminathan et al., 2009; L. Zhao, 2001; Liwei Zhao & Badler, 2005).
	Magnetic
	Infrared
Biometric	Eye-tracking		Gaze	Visual attention; intent	Muscular tension is related to Effort Weight. Attention and intent are key themes in Effort Space. We propose that arousal can be affined to the extent by which a mover uses �fighting� qualities over �indulging� qualities.
	GSR		Electrical conductance of the skin	Arousal
	Breath sensors		Rate of breathing; volume of inspiration/expiration	Arousal; energy expenditure
	EMG		Electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles	Muscular tension
	Heart rate sensors		Heart rate	Arousal; level of physical activity